Toutefois, si la véracité d’une tel

Toutefois, si la véracité d’une telle analyse se laisse discuter, force est cependant de constater qu’elle a au moins le mérite mettre tout le monde d’accord sur le fait que la corruption prend des proportions inquiétantes. Analysons dès à présent ses différentes manifestations et partant ses conséquences.
II. MANIFESTATIONS ET CONSEQUENES DE LA CORRUPTION
Autant la corruption se décline de plusieurs manières, autant ses effets sont multiples et diversifiés.
1.les manifestations
Nous distinguerons à la suite de Giorgio Blundo et Olivier de Sardan (5) six variantes de la corruption au Cameroun.
La commission : Il s’agit pour l’usager de rétribuer une intervention d’un fonctionnaire lui donnant accès à un bénéfice, à une exemption ou à une remise illicite quelconque : l’intervenant prend donc sa « part », en raison du « service » d’intermédiation qu’il a fourni et/ou du service illégal qu’il a rendu, aux dépens des recettes publiques, ou aux dépens de concurrents. Autrement dit, le fonctionnaire bénéficie d’une partie des gains illicites qu’il a fait obtenir à l’usager par son intervention. Le plus souvent, cette commission est transactionnelle, c’est-à -dire liée à la transaction en question (par exemple, elle correspond à un pourcentage, tantôt âprement négocié, tantôt standardisé, comme les célèbres 10 % que tout bénéficiaire d’un contrat public est censé verser au(x) fonctionnaire (s) grâce à qui il a obtenu le contrat. La commission correspond en général à une intermédiation ou à un service qui lèse l’État. Mais elle peut aussi avoir pour victimes ou co-victimes d’autres opérateurs économiques. On l’aura deviné, ce type de corruption est largement répandue dans le cas classique des appels d’offres « arrangés », où l’adjudicataire n’est généralement pas le plus compétent ni le plus compétitif. La mise sur pied de l’Agence de Régulation des Marchés Publics (ARMP) apparait de fait, comme l’expression de la volonté politique de lutter contre cette forme de corruption. Y parvient-elle ? Difficile à dire en raison de l’absence de données statistiques fiables.
La gratification. Tout agent public qui a « bien fait » son travail sera « remercié » par une gratification ex post, laissée certes à l’appréciation de l’usager, mais dont le caractère banalisé et courant fait penser qu’il s’agit plus d’un « pourboire » attendu que d’un « cadeau » exceptionnel. Un infirmier de l’hôpital central qui traite un patient avec « humanité ou efficacité » recevra ainsi sa « cola » en signe de remerciement.
Proche dans sa logique ultime de la « commission », cette forme de gratification s’en distingue du point de vue des acteurs, car elle leur semble légitime. Selon ces derniers, elle ne relève pas " le plus souvent " du domaine de la corruption.
Le piston. Le système administratif est devenu, de l’avis unanime, complètement perverti par la domination du favoritisme, des signes d’appartenance aux dépens des critères de compétences ou d’efficience. Depuis les nominations et les affectations jusqu’à la délivrance des services aux usagers en passant par les stages et les formations, le « piston », le « copinage » et la « recommandation » se trouvent au coeur des pratiques, et ce, de façon routinière et généralisée. Au Cameroun on peut parler d’« un échange généralisé » de faveurs, qui est d’autant plus vaste que les réseaux des fonctionnaires sont eux-mêmes étendus. Le favoritisme, même s’il est parfois dénoncé, apparaît souvent aux yeux des acteurs comme doté d’une profonde légitimité sociale : refusez de « rendre service » à quelqu’un qui fait partie de vos relations, ou qui vous est recommandé par l’une d’entre elles, expose à une forte réprobation de l’entourage familial, amical, professionnel, religieux, etc.
C’est ainsi que de nombreux fonctionnaires camerounais, une fois évincés de leurs postes, se sont retrouvés au rebut de la société. Par cette mise à l’écart, la société entendait les faire payer le lourd tribut réservé à tous ceux qui osent s’affranchir des « codes sociaux ou familiaux ».
A y regarder de près, la logique d’équilibre régional qui sous-tend les nominations ministérielles au Cameroun nourrit incidemment cette forme de corruption. Initiée, en effet pour garantir la participation de tous aux affaires de la nation, les ministres et autres fonctionnaires issus de cette logique ont progressivement été perçus par les populations, comme des personnalités chargées de travailler prioritairement pour la région dont elles sont natives. On comprend aisément pourquoi de nombreux grands commis de l’État sont jugés à l’aune de leurs réalisations à l’échelle régionale plutôt que nationale. Tout se passe comme ci, on est d’abord ministre d’un village, d’une région " avec tout ce que cela comporte comme exigences - avant d’être ministre de la nation.
D’ailleurs, il y a qu’à voir, la quantité et la teneur des motions de remerciement adressé au chef de l’État par les « les filles et fils » d’une région précise, à la

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However, if the veracity of such an analysis is left to discuss, it is however it has at least the merit put everyone agree on the fact that corruption takes on disturbing proportions. Analyze as soon as now its different manifestations and consequences.II. MANIFESTATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF CORRUPTIONAs corruption comes in many ways, its effects are multiple and diverse.1. eventsWe distinguish following Giorgio Blundo and Olivier de Sardan (5) six variations of corruption in Cameroon.The commission: it is for the user to pay an intervention of a public servant giving access to a benefit, an exemption or an illicit discount any: he takes so its 'share', due to 'service' intermediation provided and/or illegal service which he rendered, at the expense of the public revenue, or at the expense of competitors. In other words, the official enjoys a part of illicit gains he did obtain the user through its intervention. Most often, this commission is transactional, it is-say related to the transaction in question (for example, it corresponds to a percentage, sometimes bitterly negotiated, sometimes standardised, as the famous 10% that any beneficiary of a public contract is supposed to pay to the (x) official (s) through which it was awarded the contract. The commission is in general an intermediation or a service that affects the State. But it may also have for victims or co-victims of other economic operators. You will have guessed, this type of corruption is widespread in the classic case of 'arranged' tender calls, where the successful tenderer is generally not the most competent or more competitive. The establishment of the Agency of Regulation of public contracts (ARMP) of fact appears as an expression of the will policy to fight against this form of corruption. Does? Hard to say the lack of reliable statistical data.The gratification. Any public officer 'done well' has its work will be "thanked" by a gratuity ex post, left while to the user, but whose undercover and current character makes to think that it is more than a 'tip' whereas that of a 'gift' exceptional. A nurse from the central hospital which treats a patient with "humanity or efficiency" will receive its "cola" as our thanks.Close in its ultimate logic of the commission, this form of gratification is distinguished from the point of view of the actors, because it seems legitimate. According to the latter, it is not "often" in the field of corruption.The piston. The administrative system has become, in the unanimous opinion, completely perverted by the domination of patronage, signs of belonging at the expense of competence and efficiency criteria. Since appointments and assignments until services to users through internships and training, the "piston", "cronyism" and "recommendation" are located in the heart of the practice, and so routine and widespread. In Cameroon we can speak of "generalized Exchange" favors, which is even larger that the networks of officials are themselves extended. Favoritism, even if it is sometimes denounced, often appears in the eyes of the actors as equipped with a deep social legitimacy: refuse to "give service" to someone who is part of your relationship, or which is recommended by one of them, exposed to a strong condemnation of the entourage family, friendly, professional, religious, etc.Thus do many Cameroonian officials, once ousted from their posts, found themselves at the disposal of the company. Through this gap, the company intended to make them pay the heavy price for all those who dare to overcome "social or family codes.On looking closely, the logic of regional balance that underlies the ministerial appointments in Cameroon incidentally feeds this form of corruption. Initiated, in effect to ensure the participation of all in the Affairs of the nation, Ministers and other officials from this logic gradually were perceived by the populations, such as officials responsible for work as a priority for the region which they are native. It is easy to understand why many large clerks of the State are judged on the basis of their achievements at the regional rather than national. Everything happens as above, it is first Minister of a village, a region "with everything it carries as requirements - before becoming Minister of the nation.Moreover, there is to see, the quantity and content of the motions of thanks addressed to the head of State by the "daughters and sons" of a region Specifies, to the

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if, however, the accuracy of such analysis is discussed, it should be noted, however, that it has at least the merit to get everyone to agree on the fact that corruption has taken on worrying proportions. are now in its various manifestations and consequences.ii. events and consequenes corruptionas corruption is in many ways, the effects are many and varied.events 1.we are in the blundo and olivier de sardan giorgio (5) six variants of corruption in cameroon.the commission is for the user to pay an employee a statement giving access to a benefit for an exemption or remission of any. he is in his "share", the "service" of intermediation that he provided and / or illegal service he rendered at the expense of public revenues, or at the expense of competitors. in other words, the employee receives a portion of the proceeds he made available to the user by his speech. more often than not, the commission is determined, i.e., related to the transaction in question (e.g., corresponding to a percentage, and arduously negotiated and standardized, such as the famous 10% that any recipient of a contract to pay the employee (s)) (x) in he was awarded the contract. the commission is, in general, a mediation service or to affect the state. but it can also be the victims or victims of other co - operators. we know this kind of corruption is widespread in the classic case of tenders "arranged", where the winner is often not the most appropriate or the most competitive. the establishment of the public procurement regulatory agency (rpn) is made, and an expression of the political will to combat this form of corruption. do it? hard to say, because of the lack of reliable statistical data.the bonus. any public official who has "good" work "for" ex post incentive course, left at the discretion of the user, but the character ideas and suggests that it is more of a "tip" as a "gift" is outstanding. one of the nurses from the hospital to treat a patient with central "humanity and efficiency" is the "coca cola", and as a token of our appreciation.in a sense, the ultimate close "commission", this kind of reward can be distinguished from the actors' point of view, because it appears to be legitimate. according to the latter, it is not a "most" in the field of corruption.the plunger. the administrative system has become the unanimous opinion, completely corrupted by the domination of patronage, of identifiers at the expense of the criteria of competence and efficiency. since the appointments and postings to the delivery of services to users through the courses and training, "plunger", "cronyism" and "recommendations" are at the heart of the practical, routine and widespread. in cameroon, we may speak of a generalized exchange "business, which is much larger than the networks of officials themselves are extended. the patronage system, although it is sometimes reported, often appears in the eyes of players, with profound social legitimacy: don't "favor" to someone who is part of your relationship, or recommended to you by any of them, are exposed to strong disapproval of friends, family, professional, religious, etc.it is for this reason that many officials in cameroon, once out of their positions, are the dregs of society. in isolation, the company intends to pay the heavy price for all those who dare to break social or family code.a closer look at the logic of regional balance in ministerial appointments in cameroon is in the form of corruption. initiated in ensuring full participation in the affairs of the nation, the ministers and other officials from the logic has been perceived by the people, such as persons working primarily in the area in which they are born. it is easy to understand why many public servants are judged on their achievements at the regional rather than national. it's like, it's first minister of a town, region, with all the necessary requirements to be minister of the nation.moreover, there is to see, the quantity and content of the motions.